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<HR>
Morton, J. 1987. Pomegranate. p. 352=96355. In: Fruits of warm climates. =
Julia F.=20
Morton, Miami, FL.
<P>
<HR>

<H1>Pomegranate</H1>
<H2><I>Punica granatum</I> L.</H2>
<HR>

<UL>
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Descri=
ption">Description</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Origin=
 and Distribution">Origin=20
  and Distribution</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Cultiv=
ars">Cultivars</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Pollin=
ation">Pollination</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Climat=
e">Climate</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Soil">=
Soil</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Propag=
ation">Propagation</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Cultur=
e">Culture</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Harves=
ting and Yield">Harvesting=20
  and Yield</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Keepin=
g Quality and Storage">Keeping=20
  Quality and Storage</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Pests =
and Diseases">Pests=20
  and Diseases</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Food =
Uses">Food=20
  Uses</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Toxici=
ty">Toxicity</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html#Other =
Uses">Other=20
  Uses</A> </LI></UL>
<HR>
<BR>Steeped in history and romance and almost in a class by itself, the=20
pomegranate, <I>Punica granatum </I>L., belongs to the family Punicaceae =
which=20
includes only one genus and two species, the other one, little-known, =
being=20
<I>P. protopunica </I>Balf. peculiar to the island of Socotra.
<P>Despite its ancient background, the pomegranate has acquired only a=20
relatively few commonly recognized vernacular names apart from its many =
regional=20
epithets in India, most of which are variations on the Sanskrit =
<I>dadima </I>or=20
<I>dalim, </I>and the Persian <I>dulim </I>or <I>dulima. </I>By the =
French it is=20
called <I>grenade; </I>by the Spanish, <I>granada </I>(the fruit), =
<I>granado=20
</I>(the plant); by the Dutch, <I>granaatappel, </I>and Germans, =
<I>granatapfel;=20
</I>by the Italians, <I>melogranato, melograno granato, pomo granato, =
</I>or=20
<I>pomo punico. </I>In Indonesia, it is <I>gangsalan; </I>in Thailand, =
<I>tab=20
tim; </I>and in Malaya, <I>delima. </I>Brazilians know it as <I>roma, =
romeira=20
</I>or <I>romazeira. </I>The Quecchi Indian name in Guatemala is =
<I>granad.=20
</I>The Samoan name is <I>limoni. </I>The generic term, <I>Punica, =
</I>was the=20
Roman name for Carthage from whence the best pomegranates came to Italy.
<P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=3D2 width=3D300 align=3Dright>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD><IMG height=3D313 alt=3DPomegranate=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/images/Plate49.jpg"=20
      width=3D300> </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><FONT size=3D-1>Plate XLIX: POMEGRANATE, <I>Punica =
granatum</I></FONT>=20
    </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><B><A name=3DDescription>Description</A>
<P></B>An attractive shrub or small tree, to 20 or 30 ft (6 or 10 m) =
high, the=20
pomegranate is much-branched, more or less spiny, and extremely =
long-lived, some=20
specimens at Versailles known to have survived two centuries. It has a =
strong=20
tendency to sucker from the base. The leaves are evergreen or deciduous, =

opposite or in whorls of 5 or 6, short-stemmed, oblong-lanceolate, 3/8 =
to 4 in=20
(1-10 cm) long, leathery. Showy flowers are home on the branch tips =
singly or as=20
many as 5 in a cluster. They are 1 1/4 in (3 cm) wide and characterized =
by the=20
thick, tubular, red calyx having 5 to 8 fleshy, pointed sepals forming a =
vase=20
from which emerge the 3 to 7 crinkled, red, white or variegated petals =
enclosing=20
the numerous stamens. Nearly round, but crowned at the base by the =
prominent=20
calyx, the fruit, 2 1/2 to 5 in (6.25-12.5 cm) wide, has a tough, =
leathery skin=20
or rind, basically yellow more or less overlaid with light or deep pink =
or rich=20
red. The interior is separated by membranous walls and white spongy =
tissue (rag)=20
into compartments packed with transparent sacs filled with tart, =
flavorful,=20
fleshy, juicy, red, pink or whitish pulp (technically the aril). In each =
sac,=20
there is one white or red, angular, soft or hard seed. The seeds =
represent about=20
52% of the weight of the whole fruit.
<P><B><A name=3D"Origin and Distribution">Origin and Distribution</A>
<P></B>The pomegranate tree is native from Iran to the Himalayas in =
northern=20
India and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the =
Mediterranean=20
region of Asia, Africa and Europe. The fruit was used in many ways as it =
is=20
today and was featured in Egyptian mythology and art, praised in the Old =

Testament of the Bible and in the Babylonian Talmud, and it was carried =
by=20
desert caravans for the sake of its thirst-quenching juice. It traveled =
to=20
central and southern India from Iran about the first century A.D. and =
was=20
reported growing in Indonesia in 1416. It has been widely cultivated =
throughout=20
India and drier parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and =
tropical=20
Africa. The most important growing regions are Egypt, China, =
Afghanistan,=20
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, India, Burma and Saudi Arabia. There =
are some=20
commercial orchards in Israel on the coastal plain and in the Jordan =
Valley.
<P>It is rather commonly planted and has become naturalized in Bermuda =
where it=20
was first recorded in 1621, but only occasionally seen in the Bahamas, =
West=20
Indies and warm areas of South and Central America. Many people grow it =
at cool=20
altitudes in the interior of Honduras. In Mexico it is frequently =
planted, and=20
it is sometimes found in gardens in Hawaii. The tree was introduced in=20
California by Spanish settlers in 1769. It is grown for its fruit mostly =
in the=20
dry zones of that state and Arizona. In California, commercial =
pomegranate=20
cultivation is concentrated in Tulare, Fresno and Kern counties, with =
small=20
plantings in Imperial and Riverside counties. There were 2,000 acres =
(810 ha) of=20
hearing trees in these areas in the 1920's. Production declined from =
lack of=20
demand in the 1930's but new plantings were made when demand increased =
in the=20
1960's.
<P><B><A name=3DCultivars>Cultivars</A>
<P></B>There is little information available on the types grown in the =
Near=20
East, except that the cultivars <B>'Ahmar', 'Aswad', 'Halwa' </B>are =
important=20
in Iraq, and <B>'Mangulati' </B>in Saudi Arabia. <B>'Wonderful' =
</B>and<B> 'Red=20
Loufani' </B>are often grown in the Jewish sector of Israel, while the =
sweeter,=20
less tangy <B>'Malissi' </B>and<B> 'Ras el Baghl', </B>are favored in =
the Arab=20
sector.
<P>In India there are several named cultivars. Preference is usually =
given those=20
with fleshy, juicy pulp around the seeds. Types with relatively soft =
seeds are=20
often classed as "seedless". Among the best are <B>'Bedana' </B>and<B>=20
'Kandhari'. </B>'Bedana' is medium to large, with brownish or whitish =
rind, pulp=20
pinkish-white, sweet, seeds soft. 'Kandhari' is large, deep-red, with =
deep-pink=20
or blood-red, subacid pulp and hard seeds. Others include:
<P><B>'Alandi'</B> ('Vadki')=96medium-sized, with fleshy red or pink, =
subacid=20
pulp, very hard seeds.
<P><B>'Dholka'</B>=96large, yellow-red, with patches of dark-pink and =
purple at=20
base, or all-over greenish-white; thick rind, fleshy, purplish-white or =
white,=20
sweet, pulp; hard seeds. The plant is evergreen, non-suckering, =
desirable for=20
commercial purposes in Delhi.
<P><B>'Kabul'</B>=96large, with dark-red and pale-yellow rind; fleshy, =
dark-red,=20
sweet, slightly bitter pulp.
<P><B>'Muscat Red'</B>=96small to medium, with thin or fairly thick =
rind, fleshy,=20
juicy, medium-sweet pulp, soft or medium-hard seeds. The plant is a =
moderately=20
prolific bearer.
<P><B>'Paper Shell'</B>=96round, medium to large, pale-yellow blushed =
with pink;=20
with very thin rind, fleshy, reddish or pink, sweet, very juicy pulp and =
soft=20
seeds. Bears heavily.
<P><B>'Poona'</B>=96large, with dark-red, gray or grayish-green rind, =
sometimes=20
spotted, and orange-red or pink-and-red pulp.
<P><B>'Spanish Ruby'</B>=96round, small to medium or large; bright-red, =
with thin=20
rind, fleshy, rose-colored, sweet, aromatic pulp, and small to medium, =
fairly=20
soft seeds. Considered medium in quality.
<P><B>'Vellodu'</B>=96medium to large, with medium-thick rind, fleshy, =
juicy pulp=20
and medium-hard seeds.
<P><B>'Muscat White'</B>=96large, creamy-white tinged with pink; thin =
rind;=20
fleshy, cream-colored, sweet pulp; seeds medium-hard. Bears well. =
Desirable for=20
commercial planting in Delhi.
<P><B>'Wonderful'</B>=96originated as a cutting in Florida and =
propagated in=20
California in 1896. The fruit is oblate, very large, dark purple-red, =
with=20
medium-thick rind; deep-red, juicy, winey pulp; medium-hard seeds. Plant =
is=20
vigorous and productive.
<P>In California, 'Spanish Ruby' and 'Sweet Fruited' were the leading =
cultivars=20
in the past century, but were superseded by 'Wonderful'. In recent years =

'Wonderful' is losing ground to the more colorful 'Grenada'.
<P>Mexicans take especial pride in the pomegranates of Tehuacan, Puebla. =
Many=20
cultivars are grown, including <B>'Granada de China' </B>and<B> 'Granada =
Agria'.
<P></B>The Japanese dwarf pomegranate,<I> P. granatum</I> var. <I>nana, =
is=20
</I>especially hardy and widely grown as an ornamental in pots. The =
flowers are=20
scarlet, the fruit only 2 in (5 cm) wide but borne abundantly. Among =
other=20
ornamental cultivars are <B>'Multiplex' </B>with double, creamy white =
blooms;=20
<B>'Chico', </B>double, orange-red; <B>'Pleniflora', </B>double, red; =
<B>'Rubra=20
Plena', </B>double, red; <B>'Mme. Legrelle' </B>and<B> 'Variegata', =
</B>double,=20
scarlet bordered and streaked with yellowish-white.
<P><B><A name=3DPollination>Pollination</A>
<P></B>The pomegranate is both self-pollinated and cross-pollinated by =
insects.=20
There is very little wind dispersal of pollen. Self-pollination of =
bagged=20
flowers has resulted in 45% fruit set. Cross-pollination has increased =
yield to=20
68%. In hermaphrodite flowers, 6 to 20% of the pollen may be infertile; =
in male,=20
14 to 28%. The size and fertility of the pollen vary with the cultivar =
and=20
season.
<P><B><A name=3DClimate>Climate</A>
<P></B>The species is primarily mild-temperate to subtropical and =
naturally=20
adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers, but certain types =
are=20
grown in home dooryards in tropical areas, such as various islands of =
the=20
Bahamas and West Indies. In southern Florida, fruit development is =
enhanced=20
after a cold winter. Elsewhere in the United States, the pomegranate can =
be=20
grown outdoors as far north as Washington County, Utah, and Washington, =
D.C.,=20
though it doesn't fruit in the latter locations. It can be severely =
injured by=20
temperatures below 12=BA F (-11.11=BA C). The plant favors a semi-arid =
climate and=20
is extremely drought -tolerant.
<P><B><A name=3DSoil>Soil</A>
<P></B>The pomegranate thrives on calcareous, alkaline soil and on deep, =
acidic=20
loam and a wide range of soils in between these extremes. In northern =
India, it=20
is spontaneous on rockstrewn gravel.
<P><B><A name=3DPropagation>Propagation</A>
<P></B>Pomegranate seeds germinate readily even when merely thrown onto =
the=20
surface of loose soil and the seedlings spring up with vigor. However, =
to avoid=20
seedling variation, selected cultivars are usually reproduced by means =
of=20
hardwood cuttings 10 to 20 in (25-50 cm) long. Treatment with 50 ppm.=20
indole-butyric acid and planting at a moisture level of 15.95% greatly =
enhances=20
root development and survival. The cuttings are set in beds with 1 or 2 =
buds=20
above the soil for 1 year, and then transplanted to the field. Grafting =
has=20
never been successful but branches may be air-layered and suckers from a =
parent=20
plant can be taken up and transplanted.
<P><B><A name=3DCulture>Culture</A>
<P></B>Rooted cuttings or seedlings are set out in pre-fertilized pits 2 =
ft (60=20
cm) deep and wide and are spaced 12 to 18 ft (3.5-5.5 m) apart, =
depending on the=20
fertility of the soil. Initially, the plants are cut back to 24 to 30 in =
(60-75=20
cm) in height and after they branch out the lower branches are pruned to =
provide=20
a clear main stem. Inasmuch as fruits are borne only at the tips of new =
growth,=20
it is recommended that, for the first 3 years, the branches be =
judiciously=20
shortened annually to encourage the maximum number of new shoots on all =
sides,=20
prevent straggly development, and achieve a strong, well-framed plant. =
After the=20
3rd year, only suckers and dead branches are removed.
<P>For good fruit production, the plant must be irrigated. In Israel, =
brackish=20
water is utilized with no adverse effect. In California, irrigation =
water is=20
supplied by overhead sprinklers which also provide frost protection =
during cold=20
spells. The pomegranate may begin to bear in 1 year after planting out, =
but 2=20
1/2 to 3 years is more common.
<P><B><A name=3D"Harvesting and Yield">Harvesting and Yield</A>
<P></B>The fruits ripen 6 to 7 months after flowering. In Israel, =
cultivar=20
'Wonderful' is deemed ready for harvest when the soluble solids (SSC) =
reach 15%.=20
In California, maturity has been equated with 1.8% titratable acidity =
(TA) and=20
SSC of 17% or more. The fruit cannot be ripened off the tree even with =
ethylene=20
treatment. Growers generally consider the fruit ready for harvest if it =
makes a=20
metallic sound when tapped. The fruit must be picked before over =
maturity when=20
it tends to crack open if rained upon or under certain conditions of =
atmospheric=20
humidity, dehydration by winds, or insufficient irrigation. Of course, =
one might=20
assume that ultimate splitting is the natural means of seed release and=20
dispersal.
<P>The fruits should not be pulled off but clipped close to the base so =
as to=20
leave no stem to cause damage in handling and shipping. Appearance is =
important,=20
especially in the United States where pomegranates may be purchased =
primarily to=20
enhance table arrangements and other fall (harvest-time) decorations. =
Too much=20
sun exposure causes sunscald=96brown, russeted blemishes and roughening =
of the=20
rind.
<P>The fruit ships well, cushioned with paper or straw, in wooden crates =
or, for=20
nearby markets, in baskets. Commercial California growers grade the =
fruits into=20
8 sizes, pack in layers, unwrapped but topped with shredded plastic, in =
covered=20
wood boxes, precool rapidly, and ship in refrigerated trucks.
<P><B><A name=3D"Keeping Quality and Storage">Keeping Quality and =
Storage</A>
<P></B>The pomegranate is equal to the apple in having a long storage =
life. It=20
is best maintained at a temperature of 32=BA to 41=BA F (0=BA-5=BA C). =
The fruits=20
improve in storage, become juicier and more flavorful; may be kept for a =
period=20
of 7 months within this temperature range and at 80 to 85% relative =
humidity,=20
without shrinking or spoiling. At 95% relative humidity, the fruit can =
be kept=20
only 2 months at 41=BA F (5=BA C); for longer periods at 50=BA F (10=BA =
C). After=20
prolonged storage, internal breakdown is evidenced by faded, streaky =
pulp of=20
flat flavor. 'Wonderful' pomegranates, stored in Israel for Christmas =
shipment=20
to Europe, are subject to superficial browning ("husk scald"). Control =
has been=20
achieved by delaying harvest and storing in 2% O<SUB><FONT=20
size=3D3>2</SUB></FONT><FONT size=3D3> at 35.6=BA F (2=BA C). Subsequent =
transfer to 68=BA=20
F (20=BA C) dispels off-flavor from ethanol accumulation.
<P><B><A name=3D"Pests and Diseases">Pests and Diseases</A>
<P></B>The pomegranate butterfly, <I>Virachola isocrates, </I>lays eggs =
on=20
flower-buds and the calyx of developing fruits; in a few days the =
caterpillars=20
enter the fruit by way of the calyx. These fruit borers may cause loss =
of an=20
entire crop unless the flowers are sprayed 2 times 30 days apart. A stem =
borer=20
sometimes makes holes right through the branches. Twig dieback may be =
caused by=20
either <I>Pleuroplaconema </I>or <I>Ceuthospora Phyllosticta. =
</I>Discoloration=20
of fruits and seeds results from infestation by <I>Aspergillus =
castaneus.=20
</I>The fruits may be sometimes disfigured by <I>Sphaceloma punicae. =
</I>Dry rot=20
from <I>Phomopsis </I>sp. or <I>Zythia versoniana </I>may destroy as =
much as 80%=20
of the crop unless these organisms are controlled by appropriate =
spraying=20
measures. Excessive rain during the ripening season may induce soft rot. =
A=20
post-harvest rot caused by <I>Alternaria solani </I>was observed in =
India in=20
1974. It is particularly prevalent in cracked fruits.
<P>Minor problems are leaf and fruit spot caused by <I>Cercospora, =
Gloeosporium=20
</I>and <I>Pestalotia</I> sp.; also foliar damage by whitefly, thrips, =
mealybugs=20
and scale insects; and defoliation by <I>Euproctis</I> spp. and =
<I>Archyophora=20
dentula. </I>Termites may infest the trunk. In India, paper or plastic =
bags or=20
other covers may be put over the fruits to protect them from borers, =
birds, bats=20
and squirrels.
<P><B><A name=3D"Food Uses">Food Uses</A>
<P></B>For enjoying out-of-hand or at the table, the <B>fruit </B>is =
deeply=20
scored several times vertically and then broken apart; then the clusters =
of=20
juice sacs can be lifted out of the rind and eaten. Italians and other=20
pomegranate fanciers consider this not a laborious handicap but a =
social, family=20
or group activity, prolonging the pleasure of dining.
<P>In some countries, such as Iran, the <B>juice </B>is a very popular =
beverage.=20
Most simply, the juice sacs are removed from the fruit and put through a =
basket=20
press. Otherwise, the fruits are quartered and crushed, or the whole =
fruits may=20
be pressed and the juice strained out. In Iran, the cut-open fruits may =
be=20
stomped by a person wearing special shoes in a clay tub and the juice =
runs=20
through outlets into clay troughs. Hydraulic extraction of juice should =
be at a=20
pressure of less than 100 psi to avoid undue yield of tannin. The juice =
from=20
crushed whole fruits contains excess tannin from the rind (as much as =
.175%) and=20
this is precipitated out by a gelatin process. After filtering, the =
juice may be=20
preserved by adding sodium benzoate or it may be pasteurized for 30 =
minutes,=20
allowed to settle for 2 days, then strained and bottled. For beverage =
purposes,=20
it is usually sweetened. Housewives in South Carolina make pomegranate =
jelly by=20
adding 7 1/2 cups of sugar and 1 bottle of liquid pectin for every 4 =
cups of=20
juice. In Saudi Arabia, the juice sacs may be frozen intact or the =
extracted=20
juice may be concentrated and frozen, for future use. Pomegranate juice =
is=20
widely made into grenadine for use in mixed drinks. In the Asiatic =
countries it=20
may be made into a thick sirup for use as a sauce. It is also often =
converted=20
into wine.
<P>In the home kitchen, the juice can be easily extracted by reaming the =
halved=20
fruits on an ordinary orange-juice squeezer.
<P>In northern India, a major use of the wild fruits is for the =
preparation of=20
"anardana"=96the juice sacs being dried in the sun for 10 to 15 days and =
then sold=20
as a spice.
<P></FONT>
<TABLE border=3D1><!-- Table 01 Row 01 -->
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD><B>Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*</B></TD>
    <TD></TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 02 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Calories</TD>
    <TD>63-78</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 03 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Moisture</TD>
    <TD>72.6-86.4 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 04 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Protein</TD>
    <TD>0.05-1.6 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 05 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Fat</TD>
    <TD>Trace only to 0.9 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 06 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Carbohydrates</TD>
    <TD>15.4-19.6 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 07 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Fiber</TD>
    <TD>3.4-5.0 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 08 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Ash</TD>
    <TD>0.36-0.73 g</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 09 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Calcium</TD>
    <TD>3-12 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 10 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Phosphorus</TD>
    <TD>8-37 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 11 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Iron</TD>
    <TD>0.3-1.2 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 12 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Sodium</TD>
    <TD>3 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 13 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Potassium</TD>
    <TD>259 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 14 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Carotene</TD>
    <TD>None to Trace</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 15 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Thiamine</TD>
    <TD>0.003 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 16 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Riboflavin</TD>
    <TD>0.012-0.03 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 17 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Niacin</TD>
    <TD>0.180-0.3 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 18 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Ascorbic Acid</TD>
    <TD>4-4.2 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 19 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Citric Acid</TD>
    <TD>0.46-3.6 mg</TD></TR><!-- Table 01 Row 20 -->
  <TR>
    <TD>Boric Acid</TD>
    <TD>0.005 mg</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>*Analyses of fresh juice sacs made by various investigators.
<P><B><A name=3DToxicity>Toxicity</A>
<P></B>A tannin content of no more than 0.25% in the edible portion is =
the=20
desideratum. Many studies have shown that tannin is carcinogenic and =
excessive=20
ingestion of tannin from one or more sources, over a prolonged period, =
is=20
detrimental to health. (See also "Medicinal Uses" regarding overdoses of =
bark.)
<P><B><A name=3D"Other Uses">Other Uses</A></B>
<P>All parts of the tree have been utilized as sources of tannin for =
curing=20
leather. The <B>trunk bark </B>contains 10 to 25% tannin and was =
formerly=20
important in the production of Morocco leather. The <B>root bark </B>has =
a 28%=20
tannin content, the leaves, 11%, and the fruit rind as much as 26%. The =
latter=20
is a by-product of the "anardana" industry. Both the <B>rind </B>and the =

<B>flowers </B>yield dyes for textiles. Ink can be made by steeping the=20
<B>leaves </B>in vinegar. In Japan, an insecticide is derived from the =
bark. The=20
pale-yellow <B>wood </B>is very hard and, while available only in small=20
dimensions, is used for walking-sticks and in woodcrafts.
<P><B>Medicinal Uses: </B>The juice of wild pomegranates yields citric =
acid and=20
sodium citrate for pharmaceutical purposes. Pomegranate juice enters =
into=20
preparations for treating dyspepsia and is considered beneficial in =
leprosy.
<P>The bark of the stem and root contains several alkaloids including=20
<I>iso</I>pelletierine which is active against tapeworms. Either a =
decoction of=20
the bark, which is very bitter, or the safer, insoluble Pelletierine =
Tannate may=20
be employed. Overdoses are emetic and purgative, produce dilation of =
pupila,=20
dimness of sight, muscular weakness and paralysis.
<P>Because of their tannin content, extracts of the bark, leaves, =
immature fruit=20
and fruit rind have been given as astringents to halt diarrhea, =
dysentery and=20
hemorrhages. Dried, pulverized flower buds are employed as a remedy for=20
bronchitis. In Mexico, a decoction of the flowers is gargled to relieve =
oral and=20
throat inflammation. Leaves, seeds, roots and bark have displayed =
hypotensive,=20
antispasmodic and anthelmintic activity in bioassay.
<P>
<HR>

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